Yes, Allah created the good, and the bad. Whatever bad happens to us is due to our sins. We sin and Allah pardons much of what we do; however, when something bad happens to us it is our fault, and we are to blame. Bad things that happen to a person are a chance for that person to reflect, and ask: ”Why is this happening to me?” A chance for a person to return from his sin, and obey, and worship Allah.

Yes, they do.  But they appear bad to the believers cause they are things people don't like. Who likes breaking a leg? However, when a bad thing happens to a believer this believer is patient. He praises Allah in all circumstances. He knows Allah does not decree something unless it is for his own good.

Because it is a chance for the believer to think about what he did wrong.

Also because Allah forgives much of what we do, but those things we are not forgiven, they are forgiven due to our patience when we are struck by a calamity. Allah gives us better reward when a problem strikes us on earth if we are patient. This reward can be on earth, and it can be in Heaven.

Yes. Allah is omiscient (all-knowing).

We know that Allah answers all the prayers of the believers. This can be in 4 ways:

1- Get what we are asking for!

2- Get something as good or better!

3- We get spared something bad that would have happened otherwise.

4- We get rewarded on the day of Judgment with a much greater reward than what we were asking for on earth.

* When it is bad for us!

* When we ask, but not from our heart!

* When we say: I asked and asked and He did not answer.

* When we eat, drink, and wear unlawful, food, and clothes, and property that wa earned either through interest from the bank, or that was stolen, or if the food was pork, or the like.

Any thing but don't ask Him to do things like make you a prophet. Because He has already said that there will be no more prophets.

You can ask Allah for guidance. Meaning you can ask Him to show you the correct religion.

Your best friends are the ones that care where you go after you are dead. This is like the prophets. They cared that we go to heaven, even if it meant some hardship on earth.

That would be the devils, whether they are human devils (evil people), or Jinn devils (like Iblis) The Arabic word for a devil is Shaytan (similar to Satan). Satan wants us all to go to hell. He wants us to be bad on earth, even if we get rich, or do lots of wrong things that we appear to enjoy, he does not mind that. But he wants to make sure we don't go to heaven.

Worship of anyone other than Allah is the greatest sin. It is called shirk, and this is not forgiven except through repentance.